Forced collectivization and settlement of Kazakh herders causes a famine that kills about 1.5 million people by 1933, most of them ethnic Kazakhs.
Contested history
Consensus: Stalin's collectivization and forced settlement of nomadic Kazakhs caused a famine in 1930-33 that killed about 1.5 million people, but whether it was genocide is disputed.
Soviet policy caused the famineEstablished
Grain and livestock requisitions and forced sedentarization destroyed herds, and Moscow kept requisitioning as people starved.
The famine was a genocide targeting KazakhsDebated
Some scholars and Kazakh commemorations call it genocide, while others, including Sarah Cameron, stress catastrophic modernization policy without proven intent to destroy Kazakhs as such.
Death toll of about 1.5 millionEstablished
Demographic studies converge on roughly 1.5 million deaths, the large majority ethnic Kazakhs.