Middle AgesGovernment & Law Mamluk Sultanate 1250Notable Slave soldiers overthrow the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and found their own sultanate. The Mamluks rule Egypt and Syria for over 250 years. ▲ MattersSaveShareTrace roots Longest chain: The Big Bang → First stars ignite → Supernovae seed heavy elements → The Sun forms → Earth forms → First oceans → First life → Photosynthesis evolves → Great Oxidation Event → Complex cells (eukaryotes) → Multicellular life → First animals → Cambrian Explosion → First vertebrates → Jawed fish → Fish walk onto land → The amniotic egg → The Great Dying → Dinosaurs appear → Asteroid ends the dinosaurs → Early primates → Apes split from monkeys → Human line splits from chimpanzees → Walking upright → First stone tools → Genus Homo appears → Homo erectus → Control of fire → Habitual fire and cooking → Homo sapiens appears → Complex language → Natufian villages → Oldest known bread → Agriculture begins → Irrigation → Uruk and the first cities → Cylinder seals → Writing (cuneiform) → Babylonian mathematics → Babylonian astronomical diaries → Thales and natural philosophy → Trial and death of Socrates → Plato's Academy → Aristotle's Lyceum → Alexander's conquests → Death of Alexander and the Hellenistic kingdoms → Seleucid Empire founded → Parthian Empire founded → Sasanian Empire → Birth of Muhammad → Muhammad's first revelations → The Hijra → Conquest of Mecca → Death of Muhammad and the Rashidun caliphate → Arab conquests → Umayyad Caliphate → Battle of Karbala and the Sunni-Shia split → Fatimid Caliphate founded → Fatimids take Egypt and found Cairo → Saladin ends the Fatimid Caliphate → Saladin retakes Jerusalem → Mamluk Sultanate Community notesLoading notes… Learn more ranked by votesDocumentbritannica.comMamluk dynasty (Britannica) ↗Editor's pickBookRobert IrwinThe Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1382 ↗Editor's pickVideoSearch on YouTubeMamluk Sultanate history explained ↗Editor's pick